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What is an epileptic seizure and how should it be managed in first aid?

An epileptic seizure occurs when sudden, uncontrolled bursts of electrical activity in the brain disrupt normal function. This can lead to a range of symptoms depending on the type of seizure, from brief lapses in awareness to full-body convulsions. Epilepsy is a neurological condition where recurrent seizures are a key feature, but seizures can also occur due to other causes such as head injury, infection, or certain medical conditions.

In generalised tonic-clonic seizures—the type most people recognise—the person may suddenly collapse, lose consciousness, and experience stiffening followed by rhythmic jerking of the limbs. Breathing may become irregular, and they may lose bladder or bowel control. After the seizure, confusion, tiredness, and headache are common.

In first aid, the priority is to protect the person from injury and ensure their airway remains clear once the seizure ends. Move nearby objects out of the way, cushion their head with something soft, and stay with them until they are fully alert. Never attempt to restrain them or put anything in their mouth, as this can cause harm.

Call 000 if:

  • The seizure lasts longer than 5 minutes.
  • Another seizure begins shortly after the first.
  • The person has difficulty breathing afterwards.
  • The person is injured, pregnant, has diabetes, or it’s their first seizure.

When the seizure stops, roll the person into the recovery position to maintain an open airway and continue monitoring their breathing until help arrives. Calm, prompt, and protective first aid can make a significant difference to their safety and recovery.

An epileptic seizure is caused by sudden abnormal brain activity and requires calm, protective first aid.

Signs and symptoms:

  • Sudden collapse or loss of consciousness

  • Uncontrollable jerking or stiffening of muscles

  • Staring or unresponsive episodes

  • Confusion or drowsiness after the seizure

  • Possible loss of bladder or bowel control

First aid for epileptic seizure:

  • Stay with the person and keep calm.

  • Protect them from injury by moving hazards away.

  • Place something soft under their head.

  • Do not restrain or put anything in their mouth.

  • When the seizure ends, place them in the recovery position and monitor breathing.

Takeaway to Remember

An epileptic seizure is a sudden burst of abnormal electrical activity in the brain, causing changes in movement, behaviour, awareness, or sensation. First aid focuses on keeping the person safe until the seizure ends.